EVIDENCE FOR ACTION

To speak intelligibly is a goal in speaking to be understood in oral communication with a second language. Mistakes even in simple sounds may deter the correct flow of meanings to the listeners. Thus, this study determined the most critical vowel and consonant contrastive sounds among Grade 7 learners of Bontoc, Mountain Province. A Phonetic Diagnostic Test (PDT) was administered to learners, and then the tests were checked, tabulated, and interpreted. The results were computed using the weighted mean and frequency. The salient findings of the study determined the most critical vowel and consonant contrastive sounds among Bontok learners of L2 which are /æ/ – /α/, /u/ – /ʊ/ and /O/ – /ɔ/, /i/ – /I/, /Ө/ – /t/, /ð/ – /d/, and /tʃ/ -/dʒ/.

DOI:10.32678/loquen.v16i1.6629

The involvement and partnership of stakeholders have been identified as crucial factors influencing program implementation. This study focuses on examining the contributions and partnership strategies of external stakeholders involved in the implementation of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) program in Bontoc District, Mountain Province. Using a qualitative research design through interview, observation and focus group discussion, the study identified and described the contributions and partnership strategies of external stakeholders in the ALS program implementation, based on insights provided by the five ALS teachers in the district. Through thematic approach, the results show that external stakeholders play a significant role in the implementation of ALS programs in Bontoc District. They contribute through financial assistance and provision of learning spaces by the Municipal and Barangay Local Government Units, monetary and non-monetary donations from alumni, learning materials from the Provincial Local Government Unit (LGU), free skills trainings and certifications from Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), and psychosocial support from parents. These contributions are the result of effective partnership strategies employed by the stakeholders, including resource sharing, collaboration with professional colleagues, engagement with alumni, and partnering with TESDA. ALS teachers recognize the value of these engagements in enhancing program implementation. However, they also acknowledge the need to strengthen partnerships with these stakeholders to fully leverage their potential for strengthening the ALS program implementation. Establishing networks and linkages with external stakeholders such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is identified as a means to significantly enhance the curricular and instructional efficiency and effectiveness of the ALS program.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.7.24

Instructional materials are paramount in effecting language instruction. However, there are contextual issues related to the use and selection of these materials. This study focused on authentic language instructional materials in public secondary schools in the Philippines. This study employed a mixed-methods research approach. This study concludes that internet-based authentic language instructional materials are inadequate in language instruction, showing limitations on the capacity of the school and the language teachers to provide adequate internet-based materials; there are concerns about using authentic language instructional materials that hinder learners’ authentic response and comprehension to authentic language instructional materials, and there were measures to overcome the concerns which could develop authentic language instructional materials into the ideal learning materials. It is recommended that language teachers select resources according to the learners’ unique requirements, proficiency levels, cultural contexts, and educational contexts. The participation of learners in the selection process and activity design is crucial to ensure the materials are engaging and culturally pertinent. To effectively address the challenges associated with using these resources, a collaborative approach is recommended, involving teachers, students, and other stakeholders in implementing the suggested solutions.

https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.8577

Domestic water is indispensable for daily use, yet its effective management encounters numerous challenges that impact household consumers. This study aims to identify the challenges leading to supply inadequacy and uneven distribution, while proposing interventions to enhance water supply for households. The study employed surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions to gather comprehensive data on domestic water supply issues in rural communities in Bontoc, Philippines. The findings reveal two primary issues in these rural communities: supply inadequacy and unequal distribution. Supply inadequacy is attributed to factors such as wasteful water use, water scarcity during prolonged dry seasons, limited water sources, and population growth. Uneven distribution results from factors like landslides, illegal tapping, irregular water quality, insufficient monitoring of quantity and pressure, and inadequacies in the water distribution network layout. The study suggests several crucial actions for the local government unit (LGU) of Bontoc. These include augmenting water sources, implementing regular water supply monitoring, ensuring timely repairs, replacing old pipes, optimizing distribution pipeline layouts, enhancing water pressure, and rigorously enforcing municipal water ordinances. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of household water management practices, such as responsible consumption, supply conservation, and recycling. The effective implementation of these interventions, through collaboration between the LGU and households, has the potential to ameliorate the constraints in domestic water supply and distribution. This collaborative approach is essential for improving supply management and addressing the current challenges faced by domestic water consumers.

https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2023.1212361

Mountain Province remains a top tourism destination in the Cordillera region in Northern Philippines owing to its natural sceneries, cultural heritage, and historical significance. This paper assessed the guest satisfaction and loyalty in hotels of Mountain Province. Using quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, it surveyed 111 local and foreign hotel guests in established and accredited hotels in select towns of the province. Data gathered were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that majority of hotel guests are male, Filipinos, middle-aged adults who are either less than 30 years old or 31-40 years old and has stayed for 4-6 times every year. Generally, the guests are ‘moderately satisfied’ with the services and amenities of the hotels including reception/front desk, guestroom, restaurant and bar, ambiance, safety, and service quality. Across three dimensions of loyalty, the guests are ‘moderately satisfied’ with behavioral and attitudinal loyalty while they are ‘slightly satisfied’ with composite loyalty. In summary, the hotel guests are ‘moderately satisfied’ as to the different hotel services and are also loyal to these hotels. When grouped across demographic profiles, there exist statistical differences in overall satisfaction level of guests in terms of age and guest type. Similarly, there is a relationship with the satisfaction level of hotel guests with their age and their nationality/guest type. A statistical difference also exists in terms of quality of service and guest satisfaction when grouped as to age and guest type. Surprisingly, there is no statistical difference in terms of guest loyalty when grouped across profiles. From these, interventions from government agencies are recommended to strengthen service delivery. Further studies may be conducted exploring the different experiences between and among the different age groups as well as between local and foreign guests.

https://jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1697

Amidst changing landscape and fast-evolving hospitality and tourism sectors, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) mandates academic institutions to implement student internship programs and establish linkages with businesses and industries to capacitate students with actual workplace knowledge, skills, and attitude. However, it is unclear whether the student-interns are responsive to the actual needs of these industries. Thus, there is a need to constantly retool internship programs to respond to these changes and demands. Hence, this paper assessed the work performance, work habits, and work personality of hospitality and tourism management (HTM) student-interns of a public higher education institution from an industry perspective which can be used as a basis for crafting a responsive internship program. Employing a quantitative descriptive research method, this assessed HTM student interns of a state college in Northern Philippines across three areas of assessment, namely work performance, work habits, and work personality. A modified assessment form was used to gather data from the managers of 21 partner establishments which accommodated 144 HTM student interns for the period of 2014-2019. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Generally, as perceived by managers of partner establishments, the student-interns have performed ‘good’ in their work (M=3.2). Separately, they have performed ‘good’ in work performance in terms of quality (M=3.09), quantity (M=3.1), and knowledge (M=3.05). Additionally, they have performed ‘very good’ in terms of work habits (M=3.33) and work personality (M=3.32). This concluded that there is imbalance in the focus of student development the HTM students have fared better on personal-related development (work habits and work personality) as compared to professional-related development (work performance). Meanwhile, this recommends a review of the curriculum and instruction processes and other supplemental skills enhancement training for the students. Further studies are recommended to include perspectives of the students and the academe itself as well as internship experiences of students from other programs.

https://jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1703

This study aimed to explore the challenges faced by public school teachers in Bauko District II in developing instructional materials. The researchers used a quantitative method and distributed questionnaires to 150 teachers across the district as their primary means of data collection. This method allowed the researchers to gain insights from a substantial number of teachers, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the challenges they faced. The results of the study highlighted two primary critical issues faced by teachers: the scarcity of time due to heavy workloads and the difficulty of keeping pace with technological advancements. Additionally, teachers reported significant challenges related to insufficient skills, knowledge and understanding of instructional materials, limited policy support and inadequate administrative assistance.  In accordance with these findings, the study demonstrated some significant ways to improve the creation of instructional materials in rural communities with limited resources.  The   study emphasised the need for computer literacy training as a result of the expanding digitalization of instructional content.  A functional instructional material development committee should be established to improve the process as well as organizing training workshops for instructional material development and encouraging partnerships with higher education institutions (HEIs) to gain access to specialized expertise.  The study strongly advocates for the implementation of sustainable capacity-building mechanisms by the department of  education  such as regular workshops and follow-up sessions  to provide continuous support to teachers in material development. Moreover, the study proposed fostering collaboration with other institutions and inviting experts as resource persons to seminars and workshops to enhance teachers’ proficiency in crafting effective instructional materials.

https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v6i4.2059

The purpose of this research was to determine the degree to which Small-to-Medium Enterprise (SME) owners and operators in Mountain Province were willing to take on financial risk to invest in the capital markets as a potential additional source of income, as well as the extent to which these five indicator variables-particularly their income, expenses, financial goals, liquid cash, and insurance coverage-were influenced by demographic factors. The study used a quantitative approach and employed a descriptive survey research method. The results show that the SME Owners and Operators in Mountain Province have minimal knowledge of capital market investments which makes them moderate investors with a neutral level of financial risk tolerance toward capital market investment. Their marital status, net income, and educational attainment significantly influence their financial risk tolerance level. The respondents also believe that engaging in the capital markets will grow their businesses. Further, the extent of influence of Income, Expenses, Liquid Cash, and Insurance Cover on the financial risk tolerance of the SME owners and operators in Mountain Province a great extent; thus, making them careful in investing in the capital markets, and it is primarily affected by their Net Income. Consequently, the financial goals of SME owners and operators in Mountain Province have a vital role in their financial risk tolerance level.

DOI:10.13106/jafeb.2023.vol10.no1.0157

This study determined the water quality of the three major domestic water sources of Bontoc, Mountain Province, and recommended interventions to maintain water parameters within values set by the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Results revealed that all the average values of the physico-chemical parameters measured during wet and dry seasons for the water samples from the different water sources and sampling points are within the allowable range except for turbidity and color during and just after typhoons and prolonged strong rainfalls. As to microbiological parameters, samples from the sources, storage tank, and distribution line have a very high total coliform count, and Escherichia coli content for both seasons. For heterotrophic plate count, only the water samples from Balabag Spring for both wet and dry seasons, from the storage tank during the wet season, and from Gakhan Spring during the dry season have acceptable values. Findings indicate the high vulnerability of the water sources to microbial contamination. Thus, water in all sources is not potable and is therefore not recommended for drinking purposes in its present condition. To address the water supply quality problems, filtration systems may be included in the water system design, the intake tanks, or a new reservoir.

https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2023.019

The demands of research in graduate school make it imperative to assess the readiness of graduate students to conduct research, whether as a requirement for their subjects, or the type of thesis or dissertation. In this study quantitative and qualitative methods were employed, namely a survey questionnaire, interviews, and document analysis, to examine graduate students’ readiness in thesis writing and the difficulties they face. The findings reveal that students often struggle with research and statistical tools in the comprehensive exam. Additionally, the students’ ability to articulate their knowledge and ideas significantly affects their exam results. Study findings also indicate that students are only moderately prepared regarding research readiness, scoring lowest in identifying research problems and writing literature reviews. As a result, some students abandon their research projects or cannot complete them on time. The data from the interviews further support the quantitative results, indicating that the students lack research skills and face multiple workloads, which impact their ability to complete their research. To address these challenges, the Graduate School in their research programme should offer seminars on developing research skills for students every semester.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.4.9

In this practitioner inquiry, instructors in a teacher preparation program at a research-intensive university address their instructional effectiveness and improvement of student learning outcomes in a Single Course in Multicultural Education (SCME). As part of the inquiry, they conducted a comprehensive literature review of SCMEs. They used the literature synthesis to guide the development of a conceptual framework to inform a final course revision that yielded better student learning outcomes. The literature synthesis, conceptual framework, and course revision promoted the instructional focus on developing students’ knowledge and beliefs before addressing their classroom practices.

doi: 10.20343/teachlearninqu.10.19

Research on street harassment have long been focused on the end of women but this study explores the experiences of young men in Bontoc, Mountain Province and the range of responses about their experiences. This qualitative study used interviews in gathering data. The study uncovered the acts that constitute street harassment as perceived by men; the range of experiences of men on street harassment according to harassers and place where street harassment usually take place; and the effects of the experience of men on street harassment. It was found in the study that young men consider specific actions such as solicitation to perform sexual acts and forced kissing as forms of street harassment. Also, gays are the common offenders who commit street harassment along open public places. Though there are similarities in the range of experience of men and women as to the acts that constitute street harassment, they do not have the same degree on the effects of street harassment. It is concluded in this study that the modern day is turning the leaf for the study of street harassment since men are now considered victims. The effects of street harassment among young men are mostly negative since their boldness is offended but it is good to know that some are more cautious about their habits. Most importantly, reporting street harassment cases is slowly being realized by men. Keywords: harasser, male victims, solicitation, street harassment among men

https://www.academia.edu/66921956/HI_POGI_AS_TUDY_ON_STREET_HARASSMENT_AMONG_MEN

This study describes the practice of amicable settlement in Sabangan, Mountain Province. It specifically looked into the extent of implementation of different activities in the amicable settlement, the perceived effectiveness of the practice, and the experiences of the parties involved, and the community people in the administration of the amicable settlement. The qualitative-quantitative method was used to gather data through questionnaire, interview, and focus group discussion. It was found that necessary actions are justly applied to address issues and conflict. However, some members of the lupon do not actively participate in dispute resolution and are not thoroughly aware on the provisions of the Katarungang Pambarangay Law, which is necessary and a guide in an amicable settlement. On the other hand, parties involved and witnesses are moderately satisfied with the accused’s compliance with the penalty imposed during the settlement.

10.5281/zenodo.6388118

On the theory that Bontoc myths were composed of male priests and elders, this paper explored and examined how Bontoc folklore represented women and exposed how power relations were gendered in traditional Bontoc society. Using Elaine Showalter’s models of feminist criticism such as biological, psychoanalytic, linguistic, and cultural as the tools for analyses, this paper uncovered patriarchal ideologies implied in folktales and songs and revealed how male dominance was inscribed in traditional literary texts. Through the biological model, it emphasizes the physical aspects of a woman. Various body parts were effectively dismembered, and the woman’s identity was her face, her language, her shiny skin, and her body was seen as a “womb” for sperm insemination. On the cultural model, the woman was associated with gardening, which is prevalent in Bontoc folklore and culture, further defining gender roles in the Bontoc community. Gardening and hunting as gender roles were commonly found in the selected stories of this paper. The psychoanalytic model portrayed the traditional Bontok woman as the recluse, the caged bird, the rejected lover, and the rebel. The emerging portrait of the contemporary Bontok woman has crossed some boundaries and begun to participate in the public sphere even though their bodies are women. Above all, the contemporary Bontok woman reveals a woman traversing between the private space of women and the public space of men. However, in the process, she has to fight and struggle to gain more freedom in an invincible patriarchal society and gain more access to the public sphere. Introduction Literary art was once a dominant realm of male authors and composers. Among oral cultures, myth-making was generally the domain of traditional priests or male elders since they were the chanters and leading participants in traditional religious rituals. The construction and narration of myths were done by male elders who utilized myths to indoctrinate young lads to mold them into the roles they will occupy in their future lives. In the process of narrating, they created women characters in the image of the woman that they can control and manipulate. Male authors and mythmakers showed that male characters’ attitudes towards women were considered oppressive, exploitative, and degrading. Some feminist critics explained the reason for such attitude; that the female “self” is a cultural idea promulgated by male authors because, in reality, men fear the power of women. In most of their narratives, what was explicit was a widespread negative stereotyping of women. Common among the images of women in male-created stories were: the gullible

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358046234_Portrait_of_a_Bontoc_Woman_in_Selected_Literary_Texts

This qualitative study examined Mountain Province’s experiences, particularly its food security during the Covid-19 Pandemic, determining the challenges faced by Mountain Province farmers as perceived by Municipal Agriculturists; their interventions; and unique strategies which the various Local Government Units employed alleviating the impediments faced by these farmers. Findings revealed that the farmers of Mountain Province suffered loss of income, limited farm inputs, spoilage and oversupply of vegetables, and African Swine Flu. The Mountain Province’s LGUs collaborated with other concerned agencies, responded to these concerns through the various national agricultural programs.The Mountain Province’s LGUs utilized a variety of measures ensuring food supply continuity thus maintaining order. These include Sadanga’s Food Security Contingency Plan, Localized KADIWA dubbed Sustainable Sagada, Paracelis’ Localized SURE Loan Version, Assistance and Involvement of Women Organizations, and encouragement of youth participation. Lessons from the agricultural responses to the pandemic serve as a foundation for developing appropriate policies to promote resilience and sustainability.

DOI:10.5281/zenodo.6497564

The Philippine Commission of Women states that rape is among the dominant form of violence against women and their children (VAWC) in the Philippines. This is true in Mountain Province. The study revealed that among the 10 municipalities of Mountain Province, for four years 2014-2017, Paracelis consistently holds the highest reported cases of rape. Most of the victims’ ranges from ages 20 and below and perpetrators ranges from ages 11-30 years old.  As revealed by the data obtained in the Provincial Police District, rape takes place between 8:00 in the morning to 8:00 in the evening. Amicable settlement is still being practiced in the province due to lack of orientation/awareness of the victim and family members of the victim on laws against amicable settlement. Institutional mechanism should be strongly established in the barangay level.

https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/1289

In order to combat crimes society over the past has formulated methods to safeguard humanity from harm. Numerous methods have been  ranging from ancient methods to sophisticated methods of battling crimes. One of this sophisticated method is the utilization of CCTV cameras.  This study portrays CCTV Camera as a tool in the investigation of crimes in Bontoc, Mountain Province. A quantitative design was used to describe the profile of establishments with CCTV cameras according to types of establishment and the number of CCTV cameras installed. It included the difference on the number and type of crimes committed before and after CCTV installation; and the problems/ issues encountered by the police officers and establishment owners/administrators in relation to the utilization of CCTV camera. The study revealed that more business establishments installed CCTV cameras as compared to other types of establishments. Further, private individuals, business entities and government officials or heads of offices consciously installed CCTV cameras for them to monitor those who enter and exit their respective vicinities. They are also aware that the CCTV cameras may deter crime.   It was also revealed that there was no significant difference in the number of crimes committed before and after CCTV camera installation.  As to the problems encountered by the respondents in the utilization of CCTV cameras it was found that most were on the technical aspects like poor quality image, poor CCTV quality, limited recording capacity and absence of a steady watcher.

https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/3512

The periodic health screening examination like gynecological exams helps detect the following ailments of women that are especially amenable to early diagnosis and treatment. In Mt. Province, it is observed that some women undergo gynecological diagnostic examinations voluntarily and some do not. Others undergo such since these are required by their health care providers. The researchers believe that the over-all wellbeing of women in government service is very important as they are partners in development. The research design for this study is descriptive correlational research design. This method is used to gather information from the premenopausal and menopausal women concerning their profile, knowledge of gynecological diagnostic examinations specifically on papilloma smear, AA wash, mammography and ultrasonography; their compliance and their extent of compliance to these exams. The respondents are much knowledgeable on the gynecological diagnostic examinations. There is significant difference on the level of knowledge of respondents on the examinations according to civil status and occupation but no significant difference according to age and religion. Respondents very much complied with the different gynecological diagnostic examinations. However, there is no significant difference of the extent of compliance of the gynecological diagnostic examination according to age, civil status, religion and occupation. There is no relationship of knowledge and compliance on the gynecological diagnostic examinations.

https://www.journalppw.com/indeDOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/SMJ8Xx.php/jpsp/article/view/3512

Infant massage is noted to have been in practice for a long time by most countries. Recently, most professionals and non-professionals alike are utilizing infant massage. An extensive literature search of Google scholar, Pub Med, EBSCO host, CDC, AHRQ, WHO, was done. Two hundred and seven articles were found and reviewed resulting to seven articles being critically appraised. Results showed that massage therapy among preterm infants will increased weight of low birth weight preterm neonates at two months old. It is also noted that massage therapy is similar to kangaroo carry since both increases birth weight thereby decreasing hospital stay. These findings support massage therapy among preterm infants provided that nurses and mothers will comply with proper massage therapy protocol/ guideline.  Using an evidence-based guideline will have low cost to the patient and will decreased workload of nurses. A seminar/workshop for NICU nurses that would enable them to train concerned mothers regarding massage therapy for preterm infants.

https://www.journalppw.com/indeDOI:10.17605/OSF

http://www.internationaljournalofspecialeducation.com/submission/index.php/ijse/article/view/1263.IO/SMJ8Xx.php/jpsp/article/view/3512

Forensic chemistry students need to be motivated and develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking skills and not just accumulate many facts to be good evidence collectors and investigators in the future. As case-based instruction has been utilized in various fields to this effect, this study aimed to determine the effects of such a method on students’ motivation towards forensic chemistry learning and their success in understanding the taught concepts through their achievement scores. A pre-test post-test control group design was employed to involve two forensic chemistry classes with 42 students each, identified through the purposive sampling technique. One class was taught through case-based instruction, while the other through the lecture method. The classes were assigned to experimental and control groups to examine the study’s treatment process effects through a coin toss. The t-test for independent samples was used to determine significant differences in students’ pre/post-test scores in the treatment and the control group for the motivation and achievement tests. The two groups of respondents exhibited increased motivation and achievement mean scores with significant differences. However, those exposed to case-based instruction had higher mean scores than those taught with the lecture method. Thus, the use of case-based instruction in the forensic chemistry classroom promotes critical thinking, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking skills leading to significant positive changes in the motivation and achievement of students in the course. Therefore, case-based education is recommended as it is expected to make positive contributions to the forensic chemistry teaching process and science education.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.3.21

This study determined the technological pedagogical and content knowledge of the Public Junior and Senior High School teachers in Bontoc, Mountain Province, specifically, the English teachers.  It also looked into the integration of technology in the teaching and learning activities employed by language teachers. A total of 25 language teachers were the respondents in this study. Using a quantitative and qualitative methods, the self-perception of the language teachers gathered in this study shows that they are more competent in their content and pedagogical knowledge. Though the language teachers integrate available technology in their class, it focuses more on exploring the contents than pedagogical. The integration of technology in teaching and learning has a long way to go and still continue to be a challenge to language teachers. Teachers need to improve their technological pedagogical practices that enhance engaging teaching-learning encounters with learners. It is important for school administrators and curriculum planners to put more emphasis on workshops and training especially on technological pedagogical approaches to increase the technological and pedagogical knowledge of teachers.

https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/3184

Gender equality in education can be achieved through gender mainstreaming. Through gender-responsive practices, this transformation can be achieved. This study assessed the implementation of Gender and Development (GAD) perspectives in modular instruction at Mountain Province State Polytechnic College. It aimed to identify modular instruction practices that promote gender-fair learning and challenges in mainstreaming gender perspectives and suggest measures to address the challenges. The study participants were thirty-four (34) faculty members as module developers. A descriptive research method through document analysis of the syllabi and modules was utilized to identify the gender mainstreaming practices in modular instruction. An interview and focus group discussion were conducted to identify challenges and further clarify issues in the research. The data analysis showed that course facilitators considered gender-inclusive practices in module development, indicating an awareness of gender mainstreaming. However, only a few were able to integrate GAD concepts into their modules. Also, there are pressing challenges faced by the course facilitators in facilitating gender mainstreaming practices that have given rise to a lack of commitment towards advancing GAD programs. The gender-inclusive practices and the different challenges underscore the further need to intensify mainstreaming efforts in the following areas: enabling policy, human resources, material resources, and activities.

https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.11.8

Language is a significant aspect of every culture. Kankanaey is one of the most widely spoken languages in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Philippines. Regrettably, the study of this language has very few resources and material available for it. This study presents the Kankanaey language centering on -an morpheme words, how they developed, the present situation, and how they can be improved or enriched to meet the needs of the present and future times and generations in terms of linguistic knowledge. It examines the range of words that are formed with the Kankanaey -an morpheme, then it attempts to classify the input words according to affix/es used, part of speech, and aspect. It also figures out the meanings of the -an morpheme; summarizes some of the morphological phenomena that were observed during the study; and defines the conditioning factors that govern the rules in the usage of the Kankanaey -an words. More so, it uses qualitative descriptive analysis through observation, classification and analysis, inquiry, abstraction, and verification and revision. It was revealed in the study that the input Kankanaey -an words are made up of one or more prefixes, infixes, the -an suffix, and base words. It appears that the -an suffix has many meanings, so it represents many morphemes; its number of meanings corresponds to its morpheme count or number that appears in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kankanaey verbs are inflectable for three aspects: perfective, imperfective, and contemplated. Because of this verb characteristic, including the transitiveness of some verbs, Kankanaey verbs are governed by grammar rules when they are used in sentences. Similarly, morphological changes were observed in attaching -an suffix whether alone or with other affixes to base words and conjugating derived -an verbs.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrjV4I2Jun20222691

Health is a priority need where related services should be extended to people and empower them on aspects that is beneficial to their wellbeing. However, approaches toward health intervened by the culture outgrown by the people in a society that oftentimes influence beliefs about the origins and nature of illness and how it will be managed. Therefore, understanding individual and cultural beliefs about health and illness is essential. This is vital in developing effective approaches on how to improve health of the people though, everyone’s experience with illness is unique and personalized. Community’s health development through empowerment of people on services that will benefit them was the ultimate goal of this project at which participatory assessment was the initial step to identify what particular health needs to be addressed. At which, sequential explanatory strategy of mixed method research design was used where survey on holistic health indices followed by key informant interviews and observations particularly on their health-related practices, traditions were the means of data collection applied. All gathered data on health and health related problems has inference to their culture. It was also noted that culture has implication to the health status of the community. Therefore, it is highly suggested to develop extension services on promotive and preventive health programs that is more intensive particularly on healthy lifestyle, prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases, family planning, environmental safety and sanitation, personal hygiene and community-based health projects based on their beliefs and practices. Moreover, clear and simple dissemination of result prior to planning should be given an emphasis to avoid conflict and to gain full participation of the community.

10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2891